A monolithic multi-physics approach is implemented within a Finite Volume framework to study the behavior of unsaturated granular materials on vessels. This includes constitutive models representing various cargo failure mechanisms, which are applied to 2D parameter studies that provide comprehensive insights into cargo behavior under diverse conditions. The models include a rigid-perfectly plastic soil model, a porous media approach for rigid materials, an incompressible elastic model, and a coupling of the rigid-perfectly plastic model with the porous media. Thorough validation and verification of all implemented models are presented, along with a proof-of-concept study demonstrating a complete three-dimensional simulation of a loaded bulk carrier in waves.

A monolithic multi-physics approach is implemented within a Finite Volume framework to study the behavior of unsaturated granular materials on vessels. This includes constitutive models representing various cargo failure mechanisms, which are applied to 2D parameter studies that provide comprehensive insights into cargo behavior under diverse conditions. The models include a rigid-perfectly plastic soil model, a porous media approach for rigid materials, an incompressible elastic model, and a coupling of the rigid-perfectly plastic model with the porous media. Thorough validation and verification of all implemented models are presented, along with a proof-of-concept study demonstrating a complete three-dimensional simulation of a loaded bulk carrier in waves.