Silicon Photonics

Silicon Photonics Background

For more than one decade silicon photonics has been an attractive part of Integrated Optics. A particularly rapid growth took place in recent years (see, e.g., G.T. Reed „The optical age of silicon“ in Nature, 2004). The full compatibility of silicon-on-insulator photonics (SOI photonics) with the technological processes of microelectronics opens in the medium-term the way to achieve a highly compact integration of electronic and photonic components on a common substrate.

The high index contrast of SOI waveguides promises the feasibility of extremely small radii of curvature and very compact components with low waveguide loss down to less than 0.1 dB/cm. Essential material properties of silicon are its broad transparent spectral range from the near infrared range deeply up to the mid-infrared as well as its excellent suitability for photonic crystal structures. Recent progress reported in the literature points to the perspective that SOI technology will be established in the future as a platform for Integrated Optics.

About the DFG Research Unit

The DFG Research Unit "Aktive und abstimmbare mikrophotonische Systeme auf der Basis von Silicon-On-Insulator" consists of several sub-projects in the research groups Hochfrequenztechnik - Photonics (Prof. Petermann and Dr. Bruns) at TU Berlin, Mikrosystemtechnik (Prof. Müller) at TUHH and Optische und Elektronische Materialien (Prof. Eich) at TUHH as well as our group.

Within the initial period, central problems will be addressed which – for the time being – block the way towards a faster progress of SOI photonics. In particular, efficient amplifiers and lasers based on stimulated Raman scattering are to be investigated and realized, tuning and modulation schemes (using micromechanical means as well as organic and anorganic electrooptic cladding materials) and basic components such as Bragg gatings, waveguide mirrors and long period gratings are on the road map. In addition, programmable resonators, tunable dispersion compensators and pulse formers shall be demonstrated.

Looking ahead to a second period of the joint project, the target is to combine such components and possibly further ones to form a complex integrated-optical system, in order to demonstrate the integration on a small area with technological means compatible with microelectronics.

Related publications:

M. Krause,
Nonreciprocal light transmission in silicon by Raman-induced asymmetry of the permittivity tensor
J. Appl. Phys. 111, p. 093107 (2012)
Abstract

S. Fan, R. Baets, A. Petrov, Z. Yu, J. D. Joannopoulos, W. Freude, A. Melloni, M. Popović, M. Vanwolleghem, D. Jalas, M. Eich, M. Krause, H. Renner, E. Brinkmeyer, C. R. Doerr,
Comment on 'Nonreciprocal Light Propagation in a Silicon Photonic Circuit'
Science 335, p. 38 (2012)
Abstract

M. Krause, S. Meyne, H. Renner, E. Brinkmeyer,
Raman-induced nonreciprocity in silicon photonic-crystal waveguides: benefits of slow light for optical isolators
Electron. Lett. 47(25), pp. 1392-1393 (2011)
Abstract

M. Krause, H. Renner, E. Brinkmeyer,
Theory of silicon Raman amplifiers and lasers
in: Silicon Photonics for Telecommunications and Biomedicine (B. Jalali and S. Fathpour, eds.) (CRC Press), (2011)

E. Brinkmeyer,
Silicon photonics in Germany: activities of the DFG-funded research unit no. 653
Asia Communications and Photonics Conference (ACP), Workshop on Silicon Photonics, Shanghai, China, 13-16 November , (2011)

Jost Müller, J. Huster, M. Krause, E. Brinkmeyer,
Spatially Resolved Measurement of Local Attenuation and Scattering Properties of Silicon Waveguides
2nd International Workshop on Tunable and Active Silicon Photonics, Berlin, Germany, 11-13 September (Paper Su4), (2011)
Link

M. Krause, S. Meyne, H. Renner, E. Brinkmeyer,
Analysis of Optical Isolation Based on Nonreciprocal Raman Scattering in Photonic-Crystal Silicon Waveguides
2nd International Workshop on Tunable and Active Silicon Photonics, Berlin, Germany, 11-13 September (Paper Mo5), (2011)
Link

J. Huster, Jost Müller, H. Renner, E. Brinkmeyer,
Scanning Phase-Mask DUV Inscription of Short-Period Large-Area Photoresist Gratings
J. Lightwave Technol. 29(17), pp. 2621-2628 (2011)
Abstract

Jost Müller, E. Brinkmeyer,
Characterizing silicon waveguides: local attenuation and distributed reflectivity
European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC), September 18-22, Geneva, Suisse (We.10.P1.41), (2011)
Abstract

Jost Müller, M. Krause, E. Brinkmeyer,
Spatially Resolved Loss Measurement in Silicon Waveguides using Optical Frequency-Domain Reflectometry
Electron. Lett. 47(11), pp. 668-670 (2011)
Abstract

H. Renner, M. Krause, E. Brinkmeyer,
Concentrically curved silicon waveguide WDM couplers
5th International Conference on Nanophotonics, Shanghai, China, 22-26 May (Paper O-17), (2011)
Abstract Link

D. Jalas, A. Petrov, M. Krause, J. Hampe, M. Eich,
Integrated non reciprocal ring resonators
International Conference on Optical, Electronic Materials and Applications (OEMA), Chongqing, China, 4-6 March (published in Advanced Materials Research, vol. 216, pp. 533-538), (2011)
Abstract

M. Krause,
Finite-Difference Mode Solver for Curved Waveguides with Angled and Curved Dielectric Interfaces
J. Lightwave Technol. 29(5), pp. 691-699 (2011)
Abstract Link

Jost Müller, M. Krause, H. Renner and E. Brinkmeyer,
Measurement of Nonreciprocal Spontaneous Raman Scattering in Silicon Photonic Wires
Opt. Express 18(19), pp. 19532-19540 (2010)
Abstract

D. Jalas, A. Petrov, M. Krause, J. Hampe, M. Eich,
Resonance splitting in gyrotropic ring resonators
Opt. Lett. 35(20), pp. 3438-3440 (2010)
Abstract

A. Petrov, D. Jalas, M. Krause, M. Eich,
Backscattering suppression in nonreciprocal ring resonators
3rd International Workshop on Theoretical and Computational Nano-Photonics (TaCoNa-Photonics), Bad Honnef, Germany, 3-5 November , (2010)
Abstract

A. Petrov, D. Jalas, M. Krause, J. Hampe, M. Eich,
Nonreciprocal Silicon Waveguides and Ring Resonators with Gyrotropic Cladding
7th International Conference on Group IV Photonics (GFP), Beijing, China, 1-3 September (Paper P2.4), (2010)
Abstract

M. Krause, Jost Müller, T. Pagel, H. Renner and E. Brinkmeyer,
Nonreciprocal Raman Scattering in Silicon Waveguides
7th International Conference on Group IV Photonics (GFP), Beijing, China, 1-3 September (Paper ThA3), (2010)
Abstract

H. Renner,
Upper Limit for the Amplifiable Stokes Power in Saturated Silicon Waveguide Raman Amplifiers
7th International Conference on Group IV Photonics (GFP), Beijing, China, 1-3 September (Paper P1.15), (2010)
Abstract

T. Pagel, T. Waterholter, M. Krause, H. Renner, E. Brinkmeyer,
Polarization-Sensitive Spectral Characterization of Bragg Gratings in Silicon Waveguides
Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity and Poling in Glass Waveguides (BGPP) Topical Meeting, Karlsruhe, Germany, June 21-24 (Paper BThC7), (2010)
Abstract

H. Renner, M. Krause, E. Brinkmeyer,
Moiré Bragg Gratings with Coinciding Reflection Bands for TE and TM Polarization in Highly Birefringent Waveguides
Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity and Poling in Glass Waveguides (BGPP) Topical Meeting, Karlsruhe, Germany, June 21-24 (Paper BThC4), (2010)
Abstract

E. Brinkmeyer, T. Pagel, T. Waterholter, M. Krause, H. Renner,
Active and tunable waveguide devices based on silicon and silica for use in optical communication systems
Photonics West 2010, Proc. SPIE 7621(Invited talk), p. 762102 (2010)
Abstract

M. Krause, H. Renner, E. Brinkmeyer,
Silicon Raman Amplifiers with Ring-Resonator-Enhanced Pump Power
IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. (Special Issue on Silicon Photonics) 16(1), pp. 216-225 (2010)
Abstract

M. Krause, H. Renner, E. Brinkmeyer,
Strong enhancement of Raman-induced nonreciprocity in silicon waveguides by alignment with the crystallographic axes
Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(26), p. 261111 (2009)
Abstract

I. Giuntoni, A. Gajda, M. Krause, R. Steingrüber, J. Bruns, K. Petermann,
Tunable Bragg reflectors on silicon-on-insulator rib waveguides
Opt. Express 17(21), pp. 18518-18524 (2009)
Abstract

A. Petrov, M. Krause, J. H. Wülbern, J. Hampe, M. Eich,
Disorder limits in passive and amplifying slow light waveguides
6th International Conference on Group IV Photonics, San Francisco, California, 9-11 September (Paper WC6), (2009)
Abstract

M. Krause, A. Petrov, E. Brinkmeyer,
Total gain of silicon Raman amplifiers: scaling with group velocity in slow-light waveguides
6th International Conference on Group IV Photonics, San Francisco, California, 9-11 September (Paper ThP5), (2009)
Abstract

M. Krause, H. Renner, E. Brinkmeyer,
Raman lasers in silicon photonic wires: unidirectional ring lasing versus Fabry-Perot lasing
Re-printed as a "Selected Letter" in Electronics Letters - Special Supplement "Advances in silicon photonics"
Electron. Lett. 45 (June), (2009)
Abstract

A. Petrov, M. Krause, M. Eich,
Backscattering and disorder limits in slow light photonic crystal waveguides
Opt. Express 17(10), pp. 8676-8684 (2009)
Abstract

M. Krause, H. Renner, E. Brinkmeyer,
Raman lasers in silicon photonic wires: unidirectional ring lasing versus Fabry-Perot lasing
Electron. Lett. 45(1), pp. 42-43 (2009)
Abstract

2008 and earlier:

J. Müller, H. Renner, E. Brinkmeyer, M. Krause,
Measurement and Interpretation of FCA Decay in Silicon Waveguides
International Workshop on Tunable and Active Silicon Photonics, Hamburg, Germany, 28-30 September (Paper Mo3), (2008)

M. Krause, H. Renner, E. Brinkmeyer,
Efficiency of silicon Raman lasers in sub-micron strip waveguides: unidirectional ring lasing versus Fabry-Perot cavities
International Workshop on Tunable and Active Silicon Photonics, Hamburg, Germany, 28-30 September (Paper Mo8), (2008)

T. Pagel, S. Gäde, M. Krause, H. Renner, E. Brinkmeyer,
Phase and group birefringence of silicon waveguides
5th International Conference on Group IV Photonics, Sorrento, Italy, 17-19 September (Paper ThB1), (2008)
Abstract

M. Krause, E. Brinkmeyer,
Silicon-waveguide duplexers using nonreciprocal Raman gain
5th International Conference on Group IV Photonics, Sorrento, Italy, 17-19 September (Paper ThP6), (2008)
Abstract

T. Lipka, A. Harke, O. Horn, J. Amthor, M. Krause, J. Müller,
Amorphous Silicon Spot-Size Converters Fabricated with a Shadow Mask
5th International Conference on Group IV Photonics, Sorrento, Italy, 17-19 September (Paper ThP23), (2008)
Abstract

A. Gajda, J. Müller, O. Nobis, J. Bruns, I. Giuntoni, M. Krause, H. Renner, K. Petermann, E. Brinkmeyer,
Reducing the free-carrier lifetime in silicon waveguides by controlled Au doping
5th International Conference on Group IV Photonics, Sorrento, Italy, 17-19 September (Paper WP34), (2008)
Abstract

I. Giuntoni, M. Krause, H. Renner, J. Bruns, A. Gajda, E. Brinkmeyer, K. Petermann,
Numerical Survey on Bragg Reflectors in Silicon-on-Insulator Waveguides
5th International Conference on Group IV Photonics, Sorrento, Italy, 17-19 September (Paper ThP14), (2008)
Abstract

A. Harke, T. Lipka, J. Amthor, O. Horn, M. Krause, J. Müller,
Amorphous silicon 3D-Tapers for Si photonic wires fabricated with shadow masks
IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(17), pp. 1452-1454 (2008)
Abstract

M. Krause, H. Renner, E. Brinkmeyer,
Optical isolation in silicon waveguides based on nonreciprocal Raman amplification
Electron. Lett. 44(11), pp. 691-693 (2008)
Abstract

M. Krause, H. Renner, S. Fathpour, B. Jalali, E. Brinkmeyer,
Gain Enhancement in Cladding-Pumped Silicon Raman Amplifiers
IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 44(7), pp. 692-704 (2008)
Abstract

M. Krause, H. Renner,
Optimized Pumping Schemes for Mid-Infrared Silicon Raman Amplifiers
Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), San Diego, California, 24-28 February (Paper OWM2), (2008)
Abstract

E. Brinkmeyer, M. Krause, H. Renner,
Raman Amplification and Lasing in Cladding-Pumped Silicon Waveguides
IEEE/LEOS Winter Topicals Conference, Sorrento, Italy, 14-16 January (Invited talk, paper MA2.3), (2008)
Abstract

H. Renner,
Silicon Raman Amplifiers in the Limit of Zero Free-Carrier Lifetime
4th International Conference on Group IV Photonics, Tokyo, Japan, 19-21 September (Paper WP30), (2007)
Abstract

V. Raghunathan, H. Renner, R. Rice, M. Krause, E. Brinkmeyer, B. Jalali,
Multimode Silicon Raman Amplifier
Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), Baltimore, Maryland, May 6-11 (Paper JWA39), (2007)
Abstract

V. Raghunathan, H. Renner, R. R. Rice, B. Jalali,
Self-imaging silicon Raman amplifier
Opt. Express 15(6), pp. 3396-3408 (2007)
Abstract

M. Krause, R. Draheim, H. Renner, E. Brinkmeyer,
Cascaded silicon Raman lasers as mid-infrared sources
Electron. Lett. 42(21), pp. 1224-1226 (2006)
Abstract

M. Krause, H. Renner, E. Brinkmeyer,
Polarization-dependent curvature loss in silicon rib waveguides
IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 12(6) (Special Issue on Silicon Photonics), pp. 1359-1362 (2006)
Abstract

M. Krause, H. Renner, E. Brinkmeyer, S. Fathpour, D. Dimitropoulos, V. Raghunathan, B. Jalali,
Efficient Raman Amplification in Cladding-Pumped Silicon Waveguides
3rd International Conference on Group IV Photonics, Ottawa, Canada, 13-15 September (Paper P6), (2006)
Abstract

H. Renner, M. Krause,
Maximal total gain of non-tapered silicon-on-insulator Raman amplifiers
Optical Amplifiers and Their Applications (OAA) Topical Meeting (Paper OMD2), (2006)
Abstract

M. Krause, H. Renner, E. Brinkmeyer,
Efficient Raman lasing in tapered silicon waveguides
Spectroscopy 21(1), pp. 26-32 (2006)
Abstract

A. Harke, M. Krause, J. Müller,
Low-loss single-mode amorphous silicon waveguides
Electron. Lett. 41(25), pp. 1377-1379 (2005)
Abstract

M. Krause, H. Renner, E. Brinkmeyer,
Mitigation of Free-Carrier Absorption and Efficiency Increase in Silicon Waveguide Lasers by Bidirectional Pumping
2nd International Conference on Group IV Photonics, Antwerp, Belgium, 21-23 September (Paper P15), (2005)
Abstract

M. Krause, H. Renner, E. Brinkmeyer,
Incorporation of free-carrier diffusion into the modeling and design of a silicon strip-waveguide Raman laser
VDE-ITG-Fachausschuss 9.1 - Diskussionssitzung: Messung und Modellierung in der Optischen Nachrichtentechnik, MMONT 2005 - 1.-3. Juni, Elsa-Brändström-Haus, Hamburg-Blankenese , (2005)
Abstract

M. Krause, H. Renner, E. Brinkmeyer,
Efficiency increase of silicon-on-insulator Raman lasers by reduction of free-carrier absorption in tapered waveguides
Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), Baltimore, Maryland, May 22-27 (Paper CThB1), (2005)
Abstract

H. Renner, M. Krause, E. Brinkmeyer,
Maximal Gain and Optimal Taper Design for Raman Amplifiers in Silicon-on-Insulator Waveguides
Integrated Photonics Research and Applications Topical Meeting, San Diego, California, April 11-13.
Joint IPRA/NPIS Oral Session: Frontiers in Nanophotonics (Paper JWA3), (2005)
Abstract

M. Krause, H. Renner, E. Brinkmeyer,
Analysis of Raman lasing characteristics in silicon-on-insulator waveguides
Opt. Express 12(23), pp. 5703-5710 (2004)
Abstract

Silicon Photonics research
at TUHH/OKT