Note: hfalk, ESD, WCC

Abstract: With the growing complexity of embedded systems software, high code quality can only be achieved using a compiler. Sophisticated compilers provide a vast spectrum of various optimizations to improve code aggressively w. r. t. different objective functions, e. g., average-case execution time (ACET) or code size. Due to the complex interactions between the optimizations, the choice for a promising sequence of code transformations is not trivial. Compiler developers address this problem by proposing standard optimization levels, e. g., O3 or Os. However, previous studies have shown that these standard levels often miss optimization potential or might even result in performance degradation.<br /> In this paper, we propose the first adaptive WCET-aware compiler framework for an automatic search of compiler optimization sequences which yield highly optimized code. Besides the objective functions ACET and code size, we consider the worst-case execution time (WCET) which is a crucial parameter for real-time systems. To find suitable trade-offs between these objectives, stochastic evolutionary multi-objective algorithms identifying Pareto optimal solutions are exploited. A comparison based on statistical performance assessments is performed which helps to determine the most suitable multi-objective optimizer. The effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated on real-life benchmarks showing that standard optimization levels can be significantly outperformed.